Transformation and Change in Australia

There is a certain nationwide pride in the recreational potentials of the Australian environment than any other environment in the world. Australia presents itself to the world as a country with perfect cultures of leisure and struggle. Cultural historians assert that the current Australian cultures resulted from a set of different colonies, cultures, and inhabitants (Jalland, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformation and Change in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper focuses on transformation and change in Australia between the years 1850 and 1945.  In Australia, a bush refers to a scarcely populated region with or without vegetation cover. Cultural historians believe that in the 19th century the term bush referred to any area outside the urban regions (Ferber Healy, 2002). Bush culture is a famous icon in the country’s lives and features. The culture is symbolised in Austr alian literatures, paintings, music, and films. When the first immigrants arrived in Australia, they found that the country’s bush was exceptional compared to other landscapes in Europe. As such, the bush was considered a basis of national ideals fostering a sense of patriotism. Between the years 1850 and 1890, the residents came up with several folklores about Australian bush. During this period, bush ranging was a favoured way of living among the early immigrants. The outlawed act resulted from limited supplies among the early settlers. Although several bushrangers were very popular, some of them were violent and more often attacked the gold miners and transporters. In the year 1853, native troops were employed to protect the gold miners and transporters against the bushrangers. The fame of these bushrangers has been celebrated in the bush songs and myths. On the gold mines of the years 1854 and 1855, the miners were commemorated in tales and songs as brave men who enhanced democracy. The suburbanization of Sydney and Melbourne began in the mid 19th century. In the year 1870, the expansion of the suburban settlement had absorbed the bulk of a rapid and sustained growth of the colonial population (Ferber Healy, 2002). Melbourne city increased from 268,000 individuals in the 1870 to 473,000 individuals in the 1880s. In Sydney, the population grew from 38,949 in the year 1861 to 369,721 in the year 1901 (Metusela Waitt, 2012). The attractiveness of suburbs was a persistent social force in Australia. As such, there was an abundance of land for urban expansion. Infrastructure expanded rapidly after the 1870s. With the expansion of infrastructures, communication between settlements became easier.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This increased a sense of national identity among the settlers. Before the end of the 19th century, six colonies had vowed t o unite and work together.  During the early years of urbanization, immigrants perceived the expansions of towns as a potentially alienating and de-humanizing force. These attitudes were reinforced by the mythology and symbolism of the bush culture. During the World War I, one journalist described Australian soldiers as city-bred individuals who were Bushmen in their values, virtues, and vices. This description was right because at the start of the 20th century, city lives for most urban Australians retained strong negative associations (Metusela Waitt, 2012). Notably, the city life was seen as a trap to most city dwellers. On the other hand, the bush life was forbidding alternative. The city became a practical necessity, while the bush became an idealized dream. Because of this, the suburb became a marvellous compromise. In the suburb, Australians could retain their rural associations and natural symbols. With the ownership of houses and land, families’ social and economi c statuses improved. Since the infancy of suburbia in Australia in the 1850s, there has been continuity in the attitudes, values, and motives underlying suburbanization (Metusela Waitt, 2012).  When the settlers arrived in Australia in the 19th century, they found little use of the beaches. Notably, the beaches were infertile and uninhabited. During the late 19th century, it was illegal to swim in the beach water during the daytime (Booth, 2001). As the population in Sydney, Melbourne, and other towns expanded, the river waters around these cities became less enticing. Consequently, the ocean beaches, with their breezes and distance from the smelly, polluted river and harbour waters, acted as alternative places of recreation. During the end of the 19th century, there was a reduction in working hours resulting in more time for the relaxation (Ferber Healy, 2002). As the popularity of the beaches increased, private lands around the beaches were resumed to make the areas public rec reational facilities. Thus, more people visited the ocean beaches in large numbers, and some of them settled closer to these recreational centres. During the World War I, beaches in Australia fostered patriotic feelings among the residents and served as tourism attraction sites. During the mid 20th century, more Australians had become obsessed with the beaches (Huntsman, 2001). Beaches cultures were compiled in literature, cinema, photography, painting, theatre, and television dramas.  In conclusion, it is remarkable for Australians to note that their cultures resulted from a set of different colonies, cultures, and inhabitants. As such, during the 19th century the bush was the subject of popular culture production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transformation and Change in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the urbanisation during the late 19th century, city culture replaced the bush culture. D uring the early 20th century, the beach culture emerged in Australia and replaced the city culture. Ever since then, the beach culture has replaced the bush culture and the urban culture as an image of the Australian way of life References Booth, D. (2001). Australian beach cultures: the history of sun, sand, and surf. London: F. Cass. Ferber, S., Healy, C. (2002). Beasts of suburbia: reinterpreting cultures in Australian suburbs . Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press ;. Huntsman, L. (2001). Sand in our souls: the beach in Australian history. Carlton South, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. Jalland, P. (2002). Australian ways of death a social and cultural history, 1840-1918. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Metusela, C., Waitt, G. (2012). Tourism and Australian beach cultures: revealing bodies . Bristol: Channel View Publications. This essay on Transformation and Change in Australia was written and submitted by user Ellen Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Buddhist Ethics Essays - Reincarnation, Gautama Buddha, Buddhism

Buddhist Ethics Essays - Reincarnation, Gautama Buddha, Buddhism Buddhist Ethics Buddhism is one of the major religions of the world and has been for almost 2,500 years, although it does not always appear to be a typical religion. It differs from other religions in that Buddhism is not based on the belief in a divine power, such as Christianity or Islam. Buddhism is more a way of life and a learning process than a set of divine commands. This essay will define, describe, and analyze the ethics of the Buddhist religion. It will present the reader with the basic principles and truths of Buddhism. It will begin with information on the origin of Buddhism and some details on the life of its founder, Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. Also it will explain the beliefs and moral behaviors of Buddhists. Siddhartha Gautama, later known in his life as the Buddha, meaning the Enlightened or Awakened One, was born around 563 B.C.E. He was born and raised in what is now known as Nepal, near the Himalayan Mountains. He belonged to Sakya tribe and his father ruled a small kingdom. He married his cousin, Yasodhara at nineteen, and she later gave birth to a son whom they called Rahula. Being raised in the palace, Prince Siddhartha was sheltered from the cruelty of the outside world. His father made sure that Siddhartha would grow up without ever seeing or experiencing suffering. When Siddhartha Gautama finally was exposed to the world outside the palace in his twenties, he saw for the first time the poverty, sickness, and misery that others had to face, which he had been shielded from him for so long. After seeing these sights he could not go back to his happy existence behind the palace while so many others suffered. Prince Siddhartha left his home and family and became a wandering beggar in search of answers (Mitchell 5). One night he sat down beneath a tree and decided not to move until he knew the answers to life. It was there that he became enlightened when he realized that life's suffering is caused by one's attempt to hold on to things that are impermanent. He saw that nothing is constant and the only way to relieve the suffering from loss is to eliminate one's desires. At the core of Buddhism lies its four noble truths: life is suffering; desire causes suffering; ending desire ends suffering; following the Noble Eightfold Path ends desire. The Noble Eightfold Path is as follows: Right Belief, Right Aspiration, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Means of Livelihood, Right Endeavor, Right Mindfulness, and Right Meditation (Mitchell 41). According to the Buddha, life is suffering because one becomes attached to things that are impermanent. To be happy one needs to accept the fact that everything changes and that change cannot be stopped. Attachments originate from the fiction of a stable, permanent, and real self (Mitchell 126). The idea that there is no separate, individual self is called anatman. Samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, is another major feature of Buddhism. Until a person wakes up and sees the world as it truly is they will be forced to be reborn again and again until they become enlightened. When one becomes enlightened they no longer see the people and things in the world as separate. What appears as the multiplicity or the manyness of things and people is an illusion (Mitchell 41). The ultimate goal is for one to realize the truth and free them self from the wheel of Samsara and reach Nirvana, or Bliss. Since there is no individual self, everyone one is interconnected. Nothing stands alone; nothing is or can be separate from anything else (Mitchell 419). This brings up a very important feature of Buddhist ethics, the law of karma. Karma is the belief that whatever one does to others will come back to them. This is why Buddhists live peaceful live styles and do not harm other living beings. Since no one is separate and all people are interrelated, it is important for one to love others as one loves them self. But the Buddha did not mean, love, as most people think of it in a romantic context. Here [the] Buddha meant no